Taekwon-do
Taekwon-do (Hangul: 태권도, Hanja: 跆拳道) je korejské bojové umění poprvé představeno roku 1955 v Soulu. Nejdřív bylo stvořeno pro vojenské účely, potom přizpůsobeno pro civilní potřebu. Název taekwondo se skládá z korejských slov: tae (태/跆) znamená chodidlo, kwon (권/拳) znamená pěst a do (도/ 道) znamená cestu nebo také filosofie života.
historie
Přebralo mnoho prvků z karate a dalších bojových umění. Na rozdíl například od kung-fu je každá technika velmi přesně popsána, takže výuka je standardizována.
Někteří historici taekwondo zastávají názor, že tvůrci tohoto sportu praktikovali taekkyon. Avšak techniky taekkyonu nemají mnoho společného s taekwondo. V taekkyon dominují techniky sloužící k tomu, aby byl soupeř zbaven rovnováhy, kdežto v taekwondo převažují techniky silných kopů z výskoku a otočky na horní partie protivníkova těla.
Název taekwondo byl přijat 11. dubna 1955 souhlasem většiny korejských mistrů bojových umění za účelem spojení mnoha rozmanitých stylů jako kongsu, taekkyon, Kwonbup, subakdo, tangsudo) pod názvem taesoodo. Za hlavního tvůrce tohoto bojového umění se považuje generál Choi Hong Hi, který je také autorem názvu taekwondo.
Organizace
Třemi největšími celosvětovými organizacemi taekwondo jsou:
- International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF), založena 22. března 1966,
- World Taekwondo Federation (WTF), založena 1973,
- Global Taekwon-Do Federation (GTF), založena 1990.
Zaklady
Základy taekwondo jsou
- systém principů filosoficko-mravních
- základní techniky (gibon yonsup)
- přesně vymezené formální sestavy
- v ITF 24 sestavy zvané tul (vzor)
- v organizaci WTF je 17 sestav zvaných poomsae
- v GTF se cvičí sestavy z ITF a navíc sestavy specifické pro GTF
- Sparring (matsogi)
- Sebeobrana (hosinsool)
- Trénink (dallyon)
Sportovní soutěže obsahují především formální sestavy a boj.
Ve federaci ITF se soutěží v těchto disciplínách:
- sestavy (tuly)
- neřízený boj v chráničích (matsogi)
- přerážejích techniky (wiryok)
- speciální techniky (t-ki nebu tukki)
- nově v sebeobraně (hosinsool)
Zásady teakwondo podle generála Choi Hong-Hi
- zdvořilost (korejsky 례의 je-i),
- čestnost (korejsky 렴치 jomči),
- vytrvalost (korejsky 인내 inne),
- sebeovládání (korejsky 극기 kukki),
- nezkrotný duch (korejsky 백절불굴 pekčol pulgul).
Slib Teakwondo
- budu dodržovat zásady Taekwon-Do,
- budu ctít mistra a sonbe (starší),
- nikdy nezneužiji Taekwon-Do,
- budu chránit svobodu a pravdu,
- budu budovat mírovější svět.
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